Tick-borne encephalitis is overwhelmingly transmitted by Ixodes ricinus and I. persulcatus bites, but small European outbreaks regularly trace to unpasteurized goat milk and goat cheese. Infected goats can shed the virus in milk for several weeks. Pasteurization fully inactivates TBEV.
Dermacentor reticulatus carries tick-borne encephalitis virus in parts of central and eastern Europe, and is also a principal vector of…
Unlike Lyme disease in the United States, tick-borne encephalitis has an effective inactivated-virus vaccine in routine use across central…
Ixodes ricinus, the castor bean tick, is the European cousin of Ixodes scapularis and the dominant Lyme vector across Europe from Portugal…
Coxiella burnetii was originally isolated from a Dermacentor andersoni tick in 1935, but in modern outbreaks human Q fever is almost…
A single tick species, Amblyomma americanum, transmits ehrlichiosis from Ehrlichia chaffeensis and E. ewingii, tularemia, Heartland virus,…
Tularemia, caused by Francisella tularensis, can be acquired six different ways: tick bite, deer fly bite, handling infected rabbit…